# II · Foundations > Verified against **Minecraft 26.3** · Part II · The machinery every later part assumes: how anything becomes data, gets a name and a number, is loaded, and reaches into code. Part II is the vocabulary the other twelve parts speak without pausing to define it. Nothing here is a thing a player does; everything here is what happens underneath the things a player does — and a player still recognises it by its symptoms: the square brackets after an item name in a `/give`, the `#minecraft:logs` in a recipe file, the *type* line at the top of a recipe file. Each of those is one of these seven pages surfacing. The claim the part makes is that they are not seven mechanisms but three: a codec describes a value, a registry gives it a name and a number, a pack stack decides which copy of the file wins, and everything above is those three used again — which is why a world made almost entirely of JSON loads in seconds and why a data pack can recombine the game without adding a single behaviour to it. ## The shape of the part Part II is not a stack but a fan. Codecs and registries come before everything else here, and the five pages below them lean on those two far more than on each other. The last page is the pattern the rest exists to make possible. ```mermaid flowchart TD C["1 · Codecs, NBT and JSON"] R["2 · Identifiers and registries"] S["3 · The resource system"] T["4 · Tags"] D["5 · Data components"] X["6 · Text components"] P["7 · The data-driven type pattern"] C -- "decodes every pack-written element" --> R C -- "a persisted component has one" --> D C -- "text is a value like any other" --> X R -- "/reload rebuilds the reloadable ones" --> S R -- "the tag table is swapped after the freeze" --> T R -- "an entry carries its starting components" --> D R -- "the registry of kinds is built in" --> P S -- "tags are read from the same stack" --> T T -- "any set field takes a tag" --> P D -- "a component type is a key, not a kind" --> P ``` *The part as a fan, numbered to the watch order. An arrow points from the machinery to the page that takes it for granted: codecs at the top is what nothing else here is built without, registries hang directly off it, and the pattern at the foot, which no arrow leaves (none leaves text components either), is where the part is going.* ## Before you start [Anatomy](../anatomy/anatomy#four-threads-worth-memorising), for the threads: built-in registries are frozen before either program exists, data-pack loading runs on the worker pool with hops back to the owning thread, and a reload's *apply* phase runs on whichever thread owns the state being replaced. ## Watch in this order 1. [Codecs, NBT and JSON](codecs-nbt-json) — one `ItemStack` written four ways: into a chunk file, into a packet, as a checksum in a click, and out of the text of a `/give`. The click sends no component values at all, only hashes. 2. [Identifiers and registries](identifiers-and-registries) — how `minecraft:diamond_sword` becomes an `Item` before the game exists, and how a data-pack biome becomes a `Holder` the client is told about. The wire id of a sword is its place in the order the items were registered. 3. [The resource system](resource-system) — F3+T as a pipeline: a stack of packs, a snapshot of the list, every listener preparing at once, applying in order; `/reload` as the same pipeline on the server. On the client a failed reload deselects every pack it can, not the bad one. 4. [Tags](tags) — `#minecraft:logs` from a JSON file to the set a parrot checks before it perches. A frozen registry's contents never change, and yet `/reload` changes what the tag contains. 5. [Data components](data-components) — the prototype an item type supplies and the patch a stack carries. The prototype is built on every reload, with the world's registries in hand, not in the constructor. 6. [Text components](text-components) — a death message built on the server, sent as a translation key, and worded by the client's language file. The client receives it before it knows what it says. 7. [The data-driven type pattern](data-driven-types) — the *type* field that picks a kind, a recipe's or a loot function's, is a lookup in a built-in registry of kinds. Fifty-six of the registries in `BuiltInRegistries` are read that way, and they are why a pack can compose the game's behaviours without adding one. ## Where the part stops Every page here follows a scenario, so each names the classes its own scenario touches and names the families beside them without walking every member — the concrete `Tag` classes one per primitive, the fifteen partial component predicates, the read-only `Holder` views. Two omissions are deliberate: `net/minecraft/util` is a grab-bag rather than a system, named only where a page needs one of its helpers, and `net/minecraft/core/dispenser` is eleven dispense behaviours, the interface they share and the record each is handed, which the book names nowhere because what a dispenser *is* belongs to Part V and what each behaviour does is a catalogue. Between them that leaves a floor: **23% of the part's lines are named on no page in the book**. Save migration, the largest thing in `net/minecraft/util`, is outside that count altogether, out of scope by the newest-version-only rule ([what this book skips](../anatomy/what-this-book-skips) has the boundary in full). ## Reference this part uses [Math and primitives](../../reference/math-and-primitives) — the coordinate spaces, packings, shapes and random sources every page assumes; it was a Part II page and is now looked up, not watched. [Registries](../../reference/registries) — every registry key but the root's: built-in, data-pack, synced. [Data components](../../reference/components) — every `DataComponentType` in `DataComponents`. [Naming drift](../../reference/naming-drift) — `Identifier` was *ResourceLocation*. [Diagram lanes](../../reference/lanes) — the abbreviations every sequence diagram's lanes are written with. The [glossary](../../reference/glossary) is worth more here than in any other part: this is where the vocabulary every later part leans on is defined, and it is the page to check when a later part uses one of these words in a second sense. --- *Rules: names, never code · how the system works, not how the code reads · newest version only · every backticked name passes `tools/verify_names.py`.*